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UN REPORT:
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IRAQIS AS METHOD OF
WAR
CLICK FOR NEWS
CLICK FOR NEWS -2
Please scroll down  for
articles on Africa - also
see right column
http://salon.com/news/feature/2006/02/16/abu_ghraib/portfolio.html












Salon exclusive: The Abu Ghraib files
Never-published photos, and an internal Army report,
show more Iraqi prisoner abuse -- evidence the
government is fighting to hide.
By Mark Benjamin

Feb. 16, 2006 | Salon has obtained files and other electronic documents from
an internal Army investigation into the Abu Ghraib prisoner-abuse scandal.
The material, which includes more than 1,000 photographs, videos and
supporting documents from the Army's probe, may represent all of the
photographic and video evidence that pertains to that investigation.

The files, from the Army's Criminal Investigation Command (CID), include
hundreds of images that have never been publicly released. Along with the
unpublished material, the material obtained by Salon also appears to include
all of the famous photographs published after the Abu Ghraib scandal broke
in April 2004, as well as the photographs and videos published Wednesday
by the Australian television news show "Dateline."

The source who gave the CID material to Salon is someone who spent time
at Abu Ghraib as a uniformed member of the military and is familiar with the
CID investigation.

The DVD containing the material includes a June 6, 2004, CID investigation
report written by Special Agent James E. Seigmund. That report includes the
following summary of the material included: "A review of all the computer
media submitted to this office revealed a total of 1,325 images of suspected
detainee abuse, 93 video files of suspected detainee abuse, 660 images of
adult pornography, 546 images of suspected dead Iraqi detainees, 29
images of soldiers in simulated sexual acts, 20 images of a soldier with a
Swastika drawn between his eyes, 37 images of Military Working dogs being
used in abuse of detainees and 125 images of questionable acts."

The photographs we are showing in the accompanying gallery represent a
small fraction of these visual materials. None, as far as we know, have been
published elsewhere. They include:
a naked, handcuffed prisoner in a
contorted position; a dead prisoner who had been severely beaten; a
prisoner apparently sodomizing himself with an object; and a naked, hooded
prisoner standing next to an American officer who is blandly writing a report
against a wall. Other photographs depict a bloody cell.

The DVD also includes photographs of guards threatening Iraqi prisoners
with dogs, homemade videotapes depicting hooded prisoners being forced
to masturbate, and a video showing a mentally disturbed prisoner smashing
his head against a door
. Oddly, the material also includes numerous
photographs of slaughtered animals and mundane images of soldiers
traveling around Iraq.

Accompanying texts from the CID investigation provide fairly detailed
explanations for many of the photographs, including dates and times and the
identities of both Iraqis and Americans. Based on time signatures of the
digital cameras used, all the photographs and videos were taken between
Oct. 18, 2003, and Dec. 30, 2003.

It is noteworthy that some of the CID documents refer to CIA personnel as
interrogators of prisoners at Abu Ghraib. But no CIA officers have been
prosecuted for any crimes that occurred within the prison, despite the death
of at least one Iraqi during a CIA interrogation there.

Human-rights and civil-liberties groups have been locked in a legal battle with
the Department of Defense since mid-2004, demanding that it release the
remaining visual documents from Abu Ghraib in its possession. It is not clear
whether the material obtained by Salon is identical to that sought by these
groups, although it seems highly likely that it is.

Barbara Olshansky, deputy legal director at the Center for Constitutional
Rights, said, "We brought the lawsuit because we wanted to make sure the
public knew what the government was doing, particularly at these detention
facilities," and, "It is the public's right to know."

Based on a verbal description of the files and images, Olshansky said she
believes that the material obtained by Salon represents all of the Abu Ghraib
images and video the Pentagon has been fighting to keep confidential. "I'm
guessing that what you have is a pretty rare and complete set," she said.

The Pentagon initially argued in federal court that release of more Abu Ghraib
images would violate the privacy rights of the Iraqi prisoners. Later,
government lawyers argued that public release of the records might
"endanger" soldiers in Iraq because publication of the pictures could incite
further violence.

The government's argument was rejected by a federal district court last
September. Judge Alvin Hellerstein said in his ruling, "Terrorists do not need
pretexts for their barbarism." Release of the photographs in the suit has been
delayed as the government appeals Hellerstein's decision.

Meanwhile, military trials of the soldiers who served at Abu Ghraib continue.
Next month, two more enlisted men, both dog handlers, will face a military
court at Fort Meade in Maryland. No high-ranking officer or official has yet
been charged in the abuse scandal that blackened America's reputation
across the world.

Additional reporting by Mark Follman, Page Rockwell and Michael Scherer.


-- By Mark Benjamin
AFRICA  - ZIMBABWE
[J.I Comment: When Zimbabwe was the UK,
White ruled Rhodesia, White soldiers were
given fertile lands taken from you know who.
Black soldiers were give brand new - bicycles.
Zimbabwe is now redressing that ugly, racist
theft to the howls of the thieves and their
international supporters. Unless Africans can
own their own lands [not bits bought from the
thieves or their offspring or benefactors]
Africans will remain bound in economic slavery.
As well, they will need to have the fruits of their
vast mineral, logging, botanical, pharmaceutical
botanicals and oil & gas resource in their
control, not in that of corrupt Black surrogates
for the extractors.

The  Zimbabwe model  is opposed by
exploiting Capital which demonizes Robert
Mugabe, leader of Zimbabwe.]

The report below concerns SOUTH
AFRICA's feeble attempts to reverse the
slavery of Apartheid.
---------------------------------------
UN Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs
Sunday 19 February 2006


SOUTH AFRICA:
From landless to landowners - the
benefits of land reform

©  Gretchen Wilson/IRIN

Joseph Makhadi in front of one parcel of land
claimed by the Manavhela community

MAKHADO, 17 Feb 2006 (IRIN) - In the late
1990s – still the early days of South Africa's
democracy – Joseph Makhadi couldn't afford to
continue his studies at a local technical college.
He dropped out and lived, unemployed, in a
humble dwelling along with 10 members of his
extended family.

But in 2002, Makhadi and his family were
among 700 households given title to a vast
piece of rolling bush in South Africa's Limpopo
Province, a result of the government's ambitious
land reform programme.

Now, the 29-year-old manages the poultry farm
owned and operated by the beneficiaries,
known locally as the Manavhela community.
This week, Makhadi toured the buildings that
hold some 6,000 chickens and marvelled at
how his future had opened up.

"After we got this land back, I began
corresponding at the University of South Africa
to get my degree in human resource
management," he said. "I can afford to pay for
that now."

More than a decade after the end of apartheid,
land reform remains a vexed issue for many
South Africans.

Under the ruling African National Congress
(ANC), the government has compensated more
than 870,000 people dispossessed by racially
discriminatory laws and practices. The payout
has totalled 1 million hectares of restored
ancestral land and financial compensation of
about US $404 million.

Yet South Africa's black majority still own only
16 percent the nation's agricultural land, and the
government is scrambling to boost it to 30
percent by 2014.

In advance of upcoming local government
elections, President Thabo Mbeki promised to
prioritise the issue in his state of the union
address earlier this month. "Land reform and
land restitution are critical to the transformation
of our society," he said.

Next month, South Africa will begin
expropriating land owned by some white
farmers, a move that's drawn quick
comparisons to neighbouring Zimbabwe, where
the seizure of white-owned forex-earning
commercial farms for redistribution to
subsistence farmers helped trigger the country's
economic collapse.

"Some people are sensationalising this topic of
land reform and are using very acrimonious
language of 'land seizures', 'land grabs', and
this is not the state of our approach," South
Africa's Chief Land Claims Commissioner Tozi
Gwanya told IRIN.

"We will continue to be committed to the market
economy and we will continue to be committed
to fairness and paying a fair price to those
people we get land from for the purposes of
land reform," Gwanya said.

Redressing a History of Race-Based
Dispossession

Indigenous South Africans were systematically
dispossessed of land ever since the first
European settlers arrived at the Cape in 1652.
In the centuries that followed, sweeping tracks
of land were appropriated through the physical
enclosure of property, military conquest, and
legal wrangling.

During the rush for gold and diamonds in the
19th-century, local governments used tax
legislation to force many indigenous South
Africans from land-based farming communities
into the cash economy of the mines.

Race-based dispossession was formalised in
1913, when the colonial government limited
indigenous land ownership in the Natives Land
Act. In the coming years, whole communities
were forcibly removed, sometimes repeatedly,
to accommodate white property owners.

In 1994, the government passed the Restitution
of Land Rights Act to restore property to
communities dispossessed after 1913,
mirroring other decolonialisation struggles
worldwide. The act was seen by many South
Africans, particularly by the landless and rural
poor, as a breakthrough for the new democracy.

But rollout has been slow, delayed in part by a
so-called "willing-seller, willing-buyer" policy, in
which land owners and government negotiate
over the fair price of contested property – a
market-based model created to avoid
expropriation. But in practice, many land
owners have demanded greater compensation
than the government has been willing to pay.

The deadline for filing restitution claims was in
1998, but some negotiations have gone on for
years without resolution. In order to settle the
7,000 outstanding restitution claims by March
2008, the new policy sets a six-month time limit
for negotiations.

The restitution budget has also jumped from
about $32 million in 1999 to $423 million this
year. Next year it jumps again to $545 million.

"We must put restitution to rest," Gwanya told
IRIN. "Let's resolve all of these claims, and
show certainty for investment and development
of these properties."

From Landless to Land Owners

When the Manavhela community launched their
claim on 2,611 hectares of ancestral land in
1996, the majority of it constituted the Ben Lavin
Nature Reserve, named after the farmer from
the Cape colonies who claimed the land in the
1930s.

Lavin's widow had donated the property as a
game farm to the non-profit Wildlife and
Environmental Society of South Africa
(WESSA) in 1976.

Theirs was a relatively civil negotiation process.
The community agreed to maintain the property
under conservation principles, while WESSA
agreed it would help in the transfer of the game
farm, now renamed Manavhela Ben Lavin
Nature Reserve.

"People will always compare how we're doing,
especially because it was run by the white
people before," said reserve manager Masala
Ramovha. "Now that we are black, they are
always going to compare if we're still doing
great. We're waiting to prove them wrong,
because we're working really hard to make it
work."

Ramovha looks after the park's lodges and
luxury tents tucked into the bush at the foot of
the Soutpansberg Mountains. The reserve is
home to an array of wildlife – including giraffe,
zebra, kudu, and more than 230 bird species.

Visitors can buy curios and camping supplies in
the gift shop – and the profits, like those
generated through lodging and daytime fees,
are funnelled through the collective's Community
Property Association (CPA). For the near
future, the community has voted to reinvest
earnings into the facility, but in coming years,
some grants will be given to beneficiaries to
cover children's school fees.

The game reserve remains busy after four years
of community management. International
visitors read about it in the Lonely Planet travel
guide, and the community has begun marketing
in local media to boost local tourism. Ramovha
credited part of the ongoing success to the
community's decision to retain the employees
who had worked for the old owners –
sometimes for decades.

"We just took them to work with us, because we
wanted to learn skills from them," said
Ramovha, a former language trainer who now
studies environmental education at the
University of Johannesburg.

The game reserve's success is mitigated by the
fact that many beneficiaries still lack permanent
employment, mirroring the economic standing
of many of South Africa's previously
disadvantaged communities.  


According to the most recent government
figures, 31.5 percent of black South Africans
are unemployed and actively seeking work,
while many more have given up looking. Though
the nation needs more than land restitution to
reduce poverty, it has created significant
opportunities.

"Before I was working odd jobs, and I was
suffering," said Mashudu Manavhela, 34, who
has worked for the past year as the reserve's
maintenance operator.

From the dusty road at the park's entrance,
Manavhela said his income has been a
blessing for his family. "Now we get enough
money, so I can get any food I like," he said.
"I've got good accommodation – three rooms
and a shower. I can now afford a decent cell
phone, and I might buy a second-hand car next
year."

Not All Follow Their Forefathers

Approximately 80 percent of South Africa's
restitution claims were urban, and most of these
claimants have opted for financial
compensation instead of land rights. Manavhela
claimants elected land rights, but not all
beneficiaries want to return to rural living.

"They couldn't pay me to return to the rural
areas," said Lawrence Mathelemusa, 41, now a
post office manager in Pretoria.

"My life has changed a lot since I was living
there. My salary is much higher now, and I must
be able to maintain my lifestyle and further my
career," he said, adding the 400 km to
Makhado prevents him from being more active
in the CPA.

It's not uncommon for beneficiaries to remain in
cities, according to Lucas Mufamadi, executive
director of Nkuzi Development Association, an
organisation that works with communities to
lodge claims. While economic conditions are
an important factor, he also cited the
substandard education given to black South
Africans under apartheid, which he said didn't
promote the value of land ownership.

"People associate working on farms with a lot
of pain, because they see a lot of people
undergoing treacherous experiences on a daily
basis while they work for commercial farmers,"
Mufamadi said. Farm owners had, historically,
committed physical abuse, sexual assault, and
economic swindling with impunity, he said.

"That's led to a situation where a lot of youth feel
are no longer interested in farming," he noted.
"What they don't realise is that if they become
farm owners, they can actually dictate how
people live on their land."

Mufamadi, whose own family was forcibly
removed from their land in 1969 – the year he
was born – considers the fact that black South
Africans own only 16 percent of agricultural land
"criminal".

"What will bring about change is when white
people start to realise that land reform is
actually crucial; that there is no future without
black people," Mufamadi said. "We need to
work together as partners and equals. If it
doesn't change, then there is no future for us in
South Africa."

Profit-generating Business

Back at the Manavhela Poultry Farm, Makhadi
recalled passing this very land when he was a
child. His parents would point and say "this is
ours" and explain how farmers evicted his
family in the 1930s.

Today, as with the nature reserve, proceeds are
managed collectively and reinvested. Often,
Makhadi said, the farm uses the funds to
employ additional beneficiaries for odd jobs –
like cutting back bush or improving the
infrastructure. Other beneficiaries have
received government grants for agricultural
training.

"We are able to change the life of other people
in the community," Makhadi said. "It's a positive
thing. We have done something."

Makhadi said the community could use more
resources and support from government and
commercial partners. The community’s
business plan includes the development of its
cash crop operation – three hectares of carrots,
onions and tomatoes were planted in 2004 – as
well as the cultivation of their macadamia nut
trees and citrus orchard.

For days, Makhadi has used a hand-held
machine to slowly clear back overgrowth on one
plot of land, and wishes he could afford a tractor
to use the land to the community's full
advantage.

Still, he is happy with what has been
accomplished in just four years. "I deserve to be
here. This land is our forefather’s land,"
Makhadi said. "I am happy to be back, because
this is where I belong."



[ENDS]

Copyright © IRIN 2006
The material contained on www.IRINnews.org
comes to you via IRIN, a UN humanitarian news
and information service, but may not
necessarily reflect the views of the United
Nations or its agencies.
All IRIN material may be reposted or reprinted
free-of-charge; refer to the IRIN copyright page
for conditions of use. IRIN is a project of the UN
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs.
Victims of the Towers
- 9-11-01
List of Name
s
INCLUDING
passengers on air planes
IRAN VS ZIONISM
The debate. Transcription of
speech by Iranian President by
MEMRI the Israeli organization
that focuses on negative
aspects of the Islamic and
Arab world.
INDEPENDENT [UK]
African bio-resources 'exploited by West'
By Andrew Buncombe

Published: 17 February 2006

Dozens of Western multinationals have made millions of pounds in profits
from exploiting African bio-resources taken from some of the poorest nations
on earth, with not a penny offered in return.

Pharmaceutical firms are accused of breaching the United Nations
convention on biodiversity, which states that nations have sovereignty over
their own natural resources, by scouring continents for samples of unique
materials, from plants to bacteria.

A ground-breaking report identifies numerous materials, taken from Africa to
Western laboratories, which have developed and patented products worth
hundreds of millions of pounds - from a trailing plant beloved of gardeners
across Europe to a natural cure for impotence and a microbe used in fading
designer jeans.

In some cases companies accept that their product is based on a traditional
source and yet there is no evidence the companies have compensated
countries from which they took them.

"It's a new form of colonial pillaging," said Beth Burrows, of the US-based
Edmonds Institute, the environmental group that published the report. "We
have identified a number of cases that require a lot of explanation. The
problem is that we have a world [where companies] are used to taking
whatever they want from wherever and thinking they are doing it for the good
of mankind."

Mariam Mayet, of the South Africa-based African Centre for Biodiversity,
co-authors of the report, said: "There is a total disregard and disrespect for
Africa's resources. Our findings were made after just one month of research.
Imagine what we could discover with two years of research."

Among the companies named is the British firm SR Pharma, which it says
holds patents for a mycobacterium collected in Uganda during the 1970s and
used to develop a treatment for chronic viral infections, including HIV.

SR Pharma's final director Melvyn Davies confirmed his company had neither
offered the product or financial compensation to Uganda. He said the drug
had not made any profits for the company, although it had raised $20m
(£11.5m) in funding for research.

"If you pick up a natural substance from the street, does that mean it belongs
to the country in which you found it? [Our researcher] just happened to be in
Uganda," he said. "The issue is not about where the source was but the work
that has been done to develop it. Should Uganda share in the profits that will
be generated if [it did not invest in the development]?"

Another company mentioned in the report is the German company Bayer. It
says that Bayer acquired a strain of bacteria from Lake Ruiru in Kenya, from
which it has developed a drug that helps diabetes sufferers.

The patented drug is usually sold under the name of Precose or Glucobay
and has generated at least $380m (£218m) in sales. And yet Kenya has
received nothing in return. Bayer spokeswoman Christina Sehnert confirmed
the product had been developed from the Kenyan bacteria but said that the
drug was a product of biotechnology. She said. "You are not using the
original. What has been patented is the bio-tech product."

Also taken from Kenya were microbes discovered in the Rift Valley lakes in
1992 by California-based Genencor International. The microbes were used in
the manufacture of enzymes used to give jeans a faded look. The exploitation
of Africa's natural resources in this manner breaches the 1992 International
Convention on Biological Diversity which protects the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources, according to Arthur
Nogueira, a senior official with the convention's secretariat in Canada.

How nations are losing out

* Canadian company Option Biotech has patented seeds of Congo's
Aframomum stipulatum for an anti-impotence drug called Bioviagra. A bottle
of 24 capsules costs £17.

* A microbe from Kenya's Lake Nakuru is owned by US company Genencor
and is used to fade blue jeans. Enzymes of another microbe owned by
Genencor are used in Procter & Gamble's global detergent brands. The
Kenyan government claims it is not receiving any benefits.

* Tanzania's Usambara mountains are home to the plant Impatiens
usambarensis, used by Switzerland-based Sygenta and sold as a hanging
basket plant. Sygenta made £85m from it in 2004. The Tanzanian
government has had no share in the profits.

Dozens of Western multinationals have made millions of pounds in profits
from exploiting African bio-resources taken from some of the poorest nations
on earth, with not a penny offered in return.

Pharmaceutical firms are accused of breaching the United Nations
convention on biodiversity, which states that nations have sovereignty over
their own natural resources, by scouring continents for samples of unique
materials, from plants to bacteria.

A ground-breaking report identifies numerous materials, taken from Africa to
Western laboratories, which have developed and patented products worth
hundreds of millions of pounds - from a trailing plant beloved of gardeners
across Europe to a natural cure for impotence and a microbe used in fading
designer jeans.

In some cases companies accept that their product is based on a traditional
source and yet there is no evidence the companies have compensated
countries from which they took them.

"It's a new form of colonial pillaging," said Beth Burrows, of the US-based
Edmonds Institute, the environmental group that published the report. "We
have identified a number of cases that require a lot of explanation. The
problem is that we have a world [where companies] are used to taking
whatever they want from wherever and thinking they are doing it for the good
of mankind."

Mariam Mayet, of the South Africa-based African Centre for Biodiversity,
co-authors of the report, said: "There is a total disregard and disrespect for
Africa's resources. Our findings were made after just one month of research.
Imagine what we could discover with two years of research."

Among the companies named is the British firm SR Pharma, which it says
holds patents for a mycobacterium collected in Uganda during the 1970s and
used to develop a treatment for chronic viral infections, including HIV.

SR Pharma's final director Melvyn Davies confirmed his company had neither
offered the product or financial compensation to Uganda. He said the drug
had not made any profits for the company, although it had raised $20m
(£11.5m) in funding for research.

"If you pick up a natural substance from the street, does that mean it belongs
to the country in which you found it? [Our researcher] just happened to be in
Uganda," he said. "The issue is not about where the source was but the work
that has been done to develop it. Should Uganda share in the profits that will
be generated if [it did not invest in the development]?"
Another company mentioned in the report is the German company Bayer. It
says that Bayer acquired a strain of bacteria from Lake Ruiru in Kenya, from
which it has developed.
=======================================

Comment: by John Ishmael: " Isn't it time for a series of
Reparations claims?
"
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